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The Endless Visibility of Galaxies in a Dark Energy Universe

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Chapter 1: The Expanding Universe

In the vast expanse of the cosmos, galaxies beyond our local group are racing away from us at increasing speeds. However, paradoxically, more galaxies are continuously coming into view.

As we observe the universe's expansion, it becomes evident that the farther a galaxy is from us, the faster it seems to be moving away. Over time, these galaxies not only drift farther away but also appear to accelerate in their retreat. In essence, the universe is not just expanding; its expansion is accelerating. Recent studies over the past two decades have established that a mysterious form of energy known as dark energy is responsible for this accelerated expansion, dominating our universe's energy composition.

Interestingly, despite the rapid recession of these galaxies, our observational capacity has never been greater. Approximately 13.8 billion years after the hot Big Bang, we can currently detect more galaxies than ever before, with projections suggesting that the count will more than double as time progresses. Remarkably, none of these galaxies will ever completely vanish from our sight. This phenomenon raises intriguing questions about the nature of cosmic visibility.

In a groundbreaking analysis, astronomers utilizing ALMA have identified carbon monoxide gas in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. This discovery has enabled the creation of a three-dimensional representation of star formation potential in the universe. The image highlights gas-rich galaxies in orange, illustrating how ALMA detects features invisible to Hubble, showcasing the vast array of galaxies that will remain observable, no matter how distant.

Section 1.1: The Cosmic Race

Since the inception of the hot Big Bang, the universe has been engaged in a cosmic race between expansion and gravitational forces. The initial rate of expansion drives galaxies apart, while gravity pulls matter together, creating a dynamic tension. This leads to three potential outcomes:

  1. The expansion overcomes gravitational forces, causing the universe to expand indefinitely.
  2. An excess of matter leads to a maximum expansion followed by a collapse into a Big Crunch.
  3. The universe exists in a precarious balance, where expansion slows to a halt but never reverses.

For generations, scientists have sought to determine which scenario aligns with our universe. Shocking results emerged from observations, revealing that our universe is not following any of these anticipated paths. Instead, it is experiencing a cosmic acceleration attributed to dark energy, a phenomenon that remains largely mysterious.

Subsection 1.1.1: The Observational Breakthrough

ALMA reveals cosmic features in galaxies.

Section 1.2: The Evolution of Expansion

For the initial billion years, the universe's expansion rate and matter density seemed nearly balanced. However, around 6 billion years ago, a sudden acceleration was detected, marking the emergence of dark energy's influence.

As the universe expands, the density of matter decreases proportionately to the cube of the universe's scale, while radiation diminishes even more drastically. In contrast, dark energy maintains a constant density, amplifying its role as the universe evolves.

Chapter 2: The Future of Cosmic Visibility

As we delve deeper into the implications of dark energy, several key insights emerge. Today, the universe extends 46.1 billion light-years in every direction. However, objects beyond a certain distance are receding so quickly that even traveling at light speed, we cannot reach them. Astonishingly, approximately 94% of galaxies in the observable universe are now beyond our grasp.

Yet, this does not signify that galaxies are disappearing. Clusters of galaxies, bound by gravity, will remain intact, but will drift apart from one another over time. In roughly 100 billion years, we may lose sight of any galaxy outside our local group.

Despite this, the total number of observable galaxies is at an all-time high and is set to increase. This counterintuitive outcome can be understood through the principles of General Relativity and the expanding universe. As light travels through space, it eventually catches up with us, revealing galaxies that were once too distant to detect.

The light we receive today has traveled for 13.8 billion years, and the galaxies that emitted it were significantly closer at that time. As the universe expands, the emitted light reaches us, now located 46.1 billion light-years away.

If we had an exceptionally powerful telescope, we could estimate that there are approximately 2 trillion galaxies in our observable universe. However, only about 6% of these are reachable; the remainder will forever be seen only as they existed billions of years ago.

As time advances, more galaxies will be unveiled, even though we'll only ever see them in their nascent stages. Projections indicate that the total count of observable galaxies could rise to around 4.7 trillion, more than double the current estimate.

In essence, while our view of distant galaxies may evolve, none will truly disappear. Their light will eventually reach us, albeit less frequently and with diminished energy. The far future of the universe holds the promise of revealing more galaxies than we can currently fathom.

Starts With A Bang is now featured on Forbes and republished on Medium with a 7-day delay. Ethan has authored two books, "Beyond The Galaxy" and "Treknology: The Science of Star Trek from Tricorders to Warp Drive."

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