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Comets as Potential Carriers of Life: Exploring Panspermia

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Chapter 1: The Role of Comets in Panspermia

Recent investigations into Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko have provided intriguing evidence regarding the potential for comets to harbor life. Analyzing data from the Rosetta spacecraft, scientists have found that the jets emitted by this comet contain organic molecules and molecular oxygen, indicating the possibility of microbial life.

As discussed earlier, the authors of the study assert that the spontaneous formation of complex biological structures like enzymes is highly improbable, particularly under the extreme conditions present on early Earth.

Section 1.1: Evidence Supporting Panspermia

To establish a scientific foundation for the idea that life on Earth originated from space, proponents of panspermia have compiled a variety of evidence. Although each piece of evidence may be debatable, when considered collectively, they provide a compelling argument against abiogenesis as the sole explanation for the emergence of life.

One of the first pieces of evidence involves comets, which are central to the panspermia theory. To support the notion that these ancient celestial bodies could facilitate life, researchers must demonstrate that they contain, or could potentially contain, biological material.

Subsection 1.1.1: Spectral Analysis of Comets

A notable study published in 1986 in Nature suggested that a distinct absorption peak at a wavelength of 3.4 µm in the infrared spectrum of Halley's comet might indicate the presence of biological material. Earlier, in 1979, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe had shown that the absorption lines observed in interstellar dust matched those produced in laboratory conditions by frozen and dried bacteria.

Infrared spectra of Halley's comet showing absorption peaks

More recent findings from the Rosetta mission and Philae lander have been interpreted as strong evidence for the existence of active microorganisms beneath the surface of Comet 67P. Specifically, the discovery of molecular oxygen and water in the comet's jets near perihelion could suggest microbial activity. Additionally, the ethyl alcohol emitted by Comet Lovejoy may also be a byproduct of such activity, as photosynthetic microorganisms could produce oxygen and organics under low light conditions.

Chapter 2: Cometary Surfaces and Biological Indicators

For advocates of panspermia, the dark, tar-like appearance of comet surfaces serves as further evidence of biological processes occurring beneath the surface. This tarry texture could result from the degradation of biological materials during perihelion, when comets receive maximum solar radiation.

Section 2.1: The Case for Subsurface Oceans

Long before the discovery of subsurface oceans on bodies like Europa and Enceladus, Hoyle and Wickramasinghe postulated that any frozen celestial body the size of the Moon could contain hidden oceans of liquid water, heated by radioactive decay. These environments could potentially support microbial life for billions of years.

Section 2.2: The Polonnaruwa Meteorite

To bolster the case for extraterrestrial life, a study published in March 2013 examined fragments of a meteorite that fell in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, in December 2012. This research team, including Chandra Wickramasinghe, conducted a range of analyses, concluding that the meteorite fragments were of cometary origin and contained biological fossil inclusions untouched by earthly contamination.

Fossil structures observed in Polonnaruwa meteorite fragments

The researchers speculated that one of the observed fossil structures might be a histricosphere, an extinct type of microscopic marine algae. The characteristics of the fossil indicate a rapid freezing and drying process, consistent with an extraterrestrial origin.

Cellular structure found in Polonnaruwa meteorite fragments

In summary, the ongoing exploration of panspermia highlights the intriguing possibility that comets may serve as vessels for life, expanding our understanding of the origins of life on Earth and beyond.

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