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The Internet and Light Speed: Unraveling Fiber Optics

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Chapter 1: Understanding Fiber Optic Technology

Fiber optic cables consist of over 100 microscopic strands made of glass or plastic, known as optical fibers. These fibers are about one-tenth the diameter of a human hair and can transmit data at light speed, approximately 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second. The process begins with a device that converts computer data into a sequence of light pulses. These pulses travel through the fiber, reaching the destination where a light-sensitive component (photoelectric cell) interprets them back into electrical signals that computers can process. It's akin to Morse code, where varying pulses represent different characters.

Chapter 2: The Journey of Light Through Fiber Optics

How do photons navigate through the cable over such vast distances? The cable is designed with multiple twists and turns to prevent light from escaping. Engineers have addressed this challenge by using cladding and glass with a high refractive index, which reflects the light back into the cable instead of allowing it to dissipate. This principle is known as total internal reflection, functioning like a vast cylindrical mirror that keeps light contained until it exits the cable.

Fiber Optic Technology Illustration

Photo by Denny Müller on Unsplash

Despite the advancements in fiber optics, no reflective surface is flawless. A small amount of light is inevitably lost with each reflection, necessitating the installation of repeaters at intervals along the cable. These devices capture the signal and retransmit it at full strength. Extensive networks span the globe, including vast underwater cables that facilitate rapid information exchange. Given that the Earth's circumference is about 40,000 kilometers and light travels at 300,000 kilometers per second, light can circle the globe approximately 7.5 times in just one second. This is why your emails can be sent almost instantaneously around the world.

Bonus Insight

While light travels incredibly fast, it still requires time to reach its destination. For instance, sunlight takes roughly 8 minutes to reach Earth, meaning that if the Sun were to explode, we would remain unaware for the same duration. If an advanced civilization located 85 million light-years away observed Earth, they would witness dinosaurs like the T-Rex rather than contemporary life, demonstrating that we are perpetually viewing the past. Whether gazing at distant stars or our computer screens, we are always looking back in time.

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